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America Goes
to War
Managing the Force During Times
of Stress and Uncertainty
Bernard D. Rostker
Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
The research described in this report was prepared for the Office of the
Secretary of Defense (OSD). The research was conducted in the RAND
National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and
development center sponsored by the OSD, the Joint Staff, the Unified
Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps,
the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community under
Contract W74V8H-06-2-0002.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rostker, Bernard.
America goes to war : managing the force during times of stress and uncertainty /
Bernard Rostker.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8330-3980-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Manpower—United States. 2. Military service, Voluntary—United States.
3. Draft—United States—History. 4. United States—Armed Forces—Recruiting,
enlistment, etc. 5. Families of military personnel—Services for—United States.
I. Title.
UA17.5.U5R67 2007
355.2'230973—dc22
2007009507
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Preface
is report is the product of Phase I of a project to help the Department
of Defense (DoD) manage its personnel during the current period of
high levels of deployment and what has commonly become known as
“stress.” e Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Program Integration)
in the O
ce of the Under Secretary of Defense (Personnel and
Readiness) sponsored this project.
In 1970, in the middle of the undeclared wars in Southeast Asia
and with America engaged in combat in South Vietnam, Congress
agreed to President Nixon’s proposal to transition to an all-volunteer
force. Since then, all branches of the military have relied on volunteers
to meet their manpower needs. Currently with extended deployments
in Iraq and Afghanistan, the military, particularly the reserve forces,
are having some di
culties in recruiting. Questions have been raised
concerning the viability of the all-volunteer force and how DoD can
manage personnel during these times of stress and uncertainty. is
report addresses these concerns, with particular attention to the his-
tory of conscription and volunteerism. e current policy to use ﬁnan-
cial incentives is well established in American history, as are eﬀorts to
restructure the military to meet the current threat. One thing unique
to the all-volunteer force is the high proportion of military members
who are married and have children. is presents new challenges, and
a great many programs have been developed to help members and their
families in these di
cult times. Understanding which programs work
is a particular challenge that is also addressed in this report.
iii
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